Kell Process (PGM, base metal and polymetallic concentrates) As applied to treatment of PGM concentrates, the Kell Process comprises four main unit operations (pressure oxidation, atmospheric leach, heat treatment and chlorination), all of which are conventional and in comercial use in the minerals and metals industry.
These technologies, together with the conventional chromite smelting technique, are what this paper aims to Process ASA Metals At the smelter, charge chrome is produced through a single stage process by smelting a mix of chromite, reductant and fluxes at temperatures in excess of 2000°C.
Jun 06, 2006· In another process, the vanadiumbearing magnetite ore is subjected to conventional crushing, grinding and magnetic separation to produce a magnetite concentrate.
Alternative ways to process the PGM have become atractive due to the challenges associated with the conventional smelting process [1, 18]. A hydrometallurgy (Kell) process has been probed as an ...
May 11, 2018· Carbon dioxide is a major byproduct of the conventional Hall–Héroult process for smelting aluminum, which involves dissolving alumina in molten cryolite, and electrolyzing the molten salt bath with carbon electrodes. The new process eliminates the carbon by .
LIDDELL, K., NEWTON, T., ADAMS, M., and MULLER, B. Energy consumptions for Kell hydrometallurgical refining versus conventional pyrometallurgical smelting and refining of PGM concentratess. The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in transition 'Boom or Bust',The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2010.
Establish nonpolluting system by Mitsubishi Process. Conventional copper smelting employs many different types of standalone furnaces: a flash furnace or reverberatory furnace, multiple converting furnaces, and anode furnaces.
Flash smelting process yields a high grade of matte. A matte, produced in the flash smelting furnace, nevertheless, has to be transported to the converters and oxidized to obtain blister copper employing the same twostage, multicycle, batch operation as in the conventional process. The slag produced in flash smelting is usually highly oxidized and has high copper content. This slag has to be treated separately .
The article mainly introduces the raw material of the titaniferous slag smelting and the conventional and new metallurgical process of the titaniferous slag smelting. Through analyzing the different fuctions of the furnaces in the two smelting process, the article summarized the advantage of new process compared with the conventional one.
Conventional Gas refers to natural gas that can be produced from reservoirs using traditional drilling, pumping and compression techniques. Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas formed over thousands of years from the burying of dead plants and animals.
As such, conventional flash smelting and converting consumes a net 124 kWh for every 1000 kg of copper concentrate processed. Figure 7. Flow sheet for conventional process with energy inputs and capture The only energy input in LSO™ is in the smelting furnace, where products from the first furnace must be brought to molten temperature.
Copper hydrometallurgy is a branch of metallurgy method to extract copper directly from those difficulttoconcentrate copper oxide ore. Traditional copper hydrometallurgy process typically consists of atmospheric leaching, solvent extraction (SX) and electrowinning (EW). It can produce either copper cathode or copper sulphate crystal.
The conventional smelting process has challenges with high chromium feed, premature failure of refractory lining and increased operating cost associated with increasing cost of electricity in .
Apr 12, 2017· This work demonstrated a new microwave Pidgeon process to curb the highenergy demands and CO 2 emissions associated with the conventional Pidgeon process. The energy consumed by .
Dec 05, 2017· In the steel smelting process, unwanted gases are dissolved in the liquid, which could produce any number of imperfections and defects. A common method used to remove these undesired gases is vacuum degassing. The process is done after the molten steel has left the furnace and before being poured into ingots or introduced into a continuous caster.
The process is highly energy efficient because it makes full use of the reaction heat of the concentrate, meaning that no external fuel is required for smelting. The high sulfur capture rate of more than percent is achieved by using lowvolume process gas, a compact layout, and a sealed furnace.
Flash smelting is a closed process and, consequently, offgas emissions can be efficiently controlled. Flash converting had its first application in the expansion and modernization of Kennecott's copper smelter near Salt Lake City, Utah, which was implemented during 199295.